Ezra-Nehemiah in Early Jewish Literature

This paper discusses the early reception of Ezra-Nehemiah. The composition consists of three originally independent stories that were brought together due to their shared theme of restoration after exile, but they never shared a cohesive storyline. The composition's early development remains uncertain, but by the late third or early second century bce, it had reached a rough form that served as the basis for creating First Esdras, an alternative restoration account. During the second century bce, traditions about Zerubbabel, Ezra, and Nehemiah also circulated independently of Ezra-Nehemiah and First Esdras. Texts such as Sirach, Second Maccabees, and Greek translations of First Esdras and Ezra-Nehemiah attest to the significance of these traditions in this century but also to the controversies surrounding them, possibly tied to the rise of the Hasmoneans. Nehemiah became a contested figure: First Esdras takes an anti-Hasmonean stance and deliberately excludes the Nehemiah story. Second Maccabees presents Nehemiah as a non-Davidic leader who is depicted in a manner reminiscent of a king, thereby supporting the legitimacy of non-Davidic rulers. The relevance of Zerubbabel, Ezra, and Nehemiah may have waned after the second century bce, as the stabilised Hasmonean establishment required less legitimisation. Apart from a Qumran manuscript of Ezra, the next references to these traditions are from the late first century ce. The independence of the three stories is still evident, both in the late first century ce references and in the subsequent reception of the texts. The separation is exemplified by the later treatment of Ezra and Nehemiah as distinct books, further attesting to their separate origins and individual significance.